해상운임에 영향을 미치는 요인은 무엇일까요
해운사의 주요 원가는 Port charge(항비), Bunker(벙커 유류비), Charter Hire(용선료)로 크게 3가지로 나뉘어 집니다.
Oct 05, 2023
안녕하세요, 디지털 포워딩 - 쉽다(ShipDa)입니다. 이번 포스팅에서는 해상운임, 즉 Ocean freight에 영향을 끼치는 요인에 대해 알아보고자 합니다.
본 컨텐츠는 [유튜브 - 쉽다] 채널의 영상을 기반으로 편집/가공 되었으며, 남성해운 해외영업팀의 이영호 선임과 쉽다 CLO인 김희원 이사가 함께 했습니다. 코로나 시국에 해상운임이 급상승하였는데, 도대체 왜 이렇게 가격이 오르는지 의아했던 분들이 계실 것이구요. 그때에 반해 큰 폭으로 운임이 떨어진 이유도 궁금하실 것 같습니다.
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해상운임 원가에 영향을 끼치는 요소는 무엇일까요?
해운사의 주요 원가는 Port charge(항비), Bunker(벙커 유류비), Charter Hire(용선료)로 크게 3가지로 나뉘어 집니다. 이외 부대적인 비용은 해외 대리점을 운영하는 오퍼레이션 비용과 컨테이너 운영비가 발생합니다. 이 비용들을 합산하여 해운회사에서 가격 정책을 통해 시장에 안내됩니다.
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다시 정리하자면, 컨테이너가 항만에 도착하면서 발생하는 하역료가 있구요. 선박을 이동하면서 소요되는 유류 비용이 있습니다.
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또한 해운회사가 모든 배를 직접 소유하여 운영하는 것은 아니기에, 선박을 임대하는 용선료와 같은 것들도 소요되게 됩니다. 이러한 비용들이 혼합 및 결정되어 운임이 결정되게 됩니다.
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급격하게 비용이 상승/하락한 것 같지 않은데, 왜 해상운임 변동성이 큰거죠?
사실 해상운임의 원가를 구성하는 요소보다도, 더 긴밀하게 영향을 끼치는 요소는 바로 "수요와 공급"입니다. 원가보다는 컨테이너를 이동시킬 화물이 많냐, 적냐에 따라 선박이 꽉 찰 수도 있고요, 텅텅 비어 운영될 수도 있습니다. 이러한 흐름에 따라 해운회사들은 가격을 인위적으로 조절할 수 있습니다. 시장의 논리라면 당연한 이치이겠죠.
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예를 들어, 최근 코로나 시기에서는 세계에서 가장 소비가 많은 미국에서, 코로나 유행으로 인하여 항만에서 근무하던 노동자들이 업무를 하지 못했습니다. 그러다보니 미국 항만 터미널에 수 많은 컨테이너들이 쌓이게 되었습니다. 근데 컨테이너라는 것이 왔다 갔다 하면서, 순환이 되어야 하는데 이 컨테이너가 미국에만 머물러 있다보니 다른 국가에서는 컨테이너가 부족한 현상이 발생하게 되었죠. 이로 인하여 수요는 있는데, 공급이 부족해지니 가격이 상승하게 된 것입니다.
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반면에 코로나가 풀리고 업무가 정상화 된 현재, 금리 상승으로 인하여 많은 기업들이 허리를 졸라매고 있습니다. 이에 수출, 수입이 이전보다 많이 둔화가 되었구요. 이로 인하여 수요는 줄고, 공급은 동일하거나 늘다보니 가격이 떨어지게 된 것입니다.
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결론적으로 가격에 지대한 영향을 끼치는 것은 "원가"가 아닌 시장 상황에 따른 "수요와 공급"이라는 점을 알아두시면 좋을 것 같아요.
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쉽다는 INTRA-ASIA의 핵심 파트너인 남성해운과 함께 고객 분들의 화물운송을 진행하고 있습니다. 쉽다 홈페이지에서는 해상운임 견적조회가 가능한데요. 견적 조회 시, 남성해운을 비롯한 여러 해운사들의 해상운임을 한 번에 확인하실 수 있어요. 아래 이미지를 참조하시고, 견적이 필요하시다면 하단 버튼을 클릭해 주세요🙂
본 컨텐츠를 영상으로 확인하고 싶으신가요? 아래 재생 버튼을 클릭하시면 생생한 영상으로 확인할 수 있어요:)
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디지털 물류 도입, 고민 중이라면?
